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Science’s understanding of genetics primarily focuses on the alterations in gene expression caused by genetic sequence modifications, encompassing gene mutations, heterogeneous loss, and microsatellite instability. Contrastingly, epigenetics considers the changes in gene expression attributable to non-genomic sequence variations, such as DNA methylation and modifications in chromatin conformation. The broader field of epigenomics is dedicated to the genomic […]
What is Agrobacterium-Mediated Plant Transformation? Agrobacterium, a soil-dwelling bacterium, can chemotactically infect a wide array of dicotyledonous plants. Exploiting wounded areas of the plant, Agrobacterium induces the formation of crown gall tumors or hairy roots. Within Agrobacterium‘s Ti and Ri plasmids resides a crucial fragment of transfer DNA known as T-DNA. This T-DNA has the remarkable capability […]
Overview of HLA Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules are essential components of the immune system, playing a crucial role in activating antitumor immune responses through their interactions with T cell receptors (TCRs). HLA molecules are a class of glycoproteins composed of an alpha-heavy chain and a beta-light chain that are non-covalently bound. The structure of […]
Ten years ago, clinicians at several hospitals across the United States began sequencing the genomes of seemingly healthy infants in an attempt to understand how this technology would be able to detect recessive genetic disorders that would not be detected by conventional newborn blood tests. Recently, a team of researchers from BabySeq, the world’s first […]
In recent years, TCR sequencing has become a vital area of research for investigating the structure and distribution of T cell receptors. The TCR, also known as the T cell receptor, is the fundamental component used by T cells to recognize antigens, stimulate T cell activation, and promote proliferation. TCR sequencing is essential in various research […]
Introduction of CRISPR technology In recent years, the field of genetic analysis has witnessed a groundbreaking advancement with the emergence of CRISPR sequencing. While CRISPR-Cas9 is well-known for its gene-editing capabilities, CRISPR sequencing harnesses the power of CRISPR technology to revolutionize our understanding of the genome. This blog post explores how CRISPR sequencing is transforming genetic […]
What is ribosomal RNA? Ribosomal RNAs (rRNA) are the major components of ribosomes, which are responsible for protein synthesis by converting the instructions found in messenger RNA into the chains of amino acids. The key catalytic activity of ribosomes comes from the rRNAs. Additionally, rRNAs play an active role in recognizing conserved portions of mRNAs […]
What are SNPs? Single nucleotide polymorphisms, commonly called SNPs (pronounced “snips”), are the most frequent type of genetic variation among people, accounting for more than 90% of all differences between unrelated individuals. A SNP represents a difference in a single nucleotide. The DNA sequence contains four types of nucleotide bases: A (adenine), C (cytosine), G […]
The result of the Human Genome Project is a recognized "standard" for scientists – the reference genome. Like a coordinate system, researchers can better understand the structure, function, and variation of the human genome against the reference genome. The Human Genome Project began in 1990, the working draft was published in 2001, and the final […]
Since the first human genome was published in 2000, many reference genomes have been assembled successively in various species. However, the highly repetitive sequences (telomeric, mitotic, ribosomal DNA) clustered in the genome have resulted in many missing fragments in the assembled genomes. Fortunately, thanks to improvements in sequencing technologies and computational algorithms, a new era […]