Agriculture and Food Science

• Plant Breeding - Genome technique can be used to quickly detect the gene composition of a single plant and carry out breed-specific genotyping in the breeding population. The construction of a "graphic genotype" for each plant allows breeders to determine which chromosome sections are inherited from each parent to facilitate the selection process and may reduce the need for extensive field trials, and help researchers to associate breed-specific genotypes with breed-specific phenotypes. Marker-assisted breeding or marker-assisted selection will gradually evolve into genome-assisted breeding to improve crop traits.

• Animal Breeding - The characteristics of livestock production are determined by thousands of genes. These genes have little effect on phenotype and do not have statistical significance, which limits the application of traditional marker-assisted selection in animal breeding. The development of genome selection technology has enabled breeders to obtain thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in a cost-effective manner. Genomic selection assumes that all markers may be associated with genes that affect the trait and focus on evaluating its effect rather than testing its significance.

• Soil Microbial Community - Soil scientists are harnessing the power of NGS and other genomic methods to develop comprehensive profiling of soil microbial communities to allow for better prediction of crop health and success, and probably livestock production. The research on soil microbial communities also enables scientists to develop microbial products to improve the quality and yield of agricultural products.

Microarray

Microarray provides a basis to genotype thousands of different genes at a time, allowing to detect variants or gene expression in a high-throughput manner. Microarrays have been applied to population diversity and conservation, trait analysis, and breeding.

Whole genome sequencing

Whole genome sequencing can analyze all genomes, reveal implicit genotypes or discover unknown SNPs, genes or other biomarkers. WGS can be used for comparative genome analysis and help plant or animal breeding.

Targeted sequencing

Targeted sequencing detects known and novel mutations in specific gene sets or genomic regions, providing information for breeding decisions and revealing mutations that are associated with animal or plant diseases or parasite susceptibility.

Transcriptome sequencing

Transcriptome sequencing can be used to identify tissue-specific, time-specific, or condition-specific gene expression for analysis of gene functions.

Genotyping by sequencing

Sequencing by genotyping allows for genetic mapping, genome-wide association studies, backcrossing screening, purity testing, construction of haplotype mapping, and biomarker discovery.

Epigenomics

Epigenomics allows researchers to identify changes of DNA methylation pattern and understand how epigenetic modifications control gene expression by modulating the access of regulatory complexes to the genome.