In the evolution of biotechnology applications, DNA extraction, a fundamental technology for analyzing genetic information, has consistently occupied a core and irreplaceable position. From the molecular verification of Mendel’s genetic factor hypothesis to the vast practice of the Human Genome Project, the acquisition of high-quality DNA constitutes the logical starting point for scientific discovery and […]
In the long exploration process of life science, the pursuit of the essence of genetic material has always been the core driving force for the development of the discipline. In the 19th century, Mendel discovered the laws of separation and free combination of genetic factors, starting with the pea hybridization experiment, which opened the scientific […]
In the regulatory network of the human immune system, the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) gene family, which encodes the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), plays a central role in regulating immune responses and the genetic susceptibility mechanisms of diseases. HLA molecules mediate adaptive immune response through antigen presentation mechanism, and allelic variation caused by its high […]
In the vast theatre of nature, microorganisms reign supreme as the oldest and most abundant life forms, holding a pivotal position. A question often arises: "Why do microorganisms in similar environments evolve differently?" The answer lies in the intricate and fascinating process of divergent evolution. Despite seemingly identical environmental conditions, microorganisms can evolve into populations […]
In biology science, transcription is the core biological process of transforming DNA genetic information into RNA and is the key link of gene expression regulation. Although both eukaryotes and prokaryotes rely on transcription to realize the transmission and expression of genetic information, due to the significant differences in cell structure, metabolic needs, and survival strategies, […]
Eukaryotic transcription is a key initial step of gene expression, and its precise regulation is important for maintaining cell homeostasis and normal physiological functions of organisms. In recent years, more and more studies show that the disorder of the transcription process is closely related to the occurrence and development of many human diseases. An in-depth […]
Eukaryotic transcription is a key initial step of gene expression, which occupies a core position in the central rule. It uses DNA as a template to synthesize various RNA molecules by RNA polymerase. Its regulatory network is fine and complex, and it is widely involved in life activities such as embryonic development, cell differentiation, and […]
Variant Calling Format (VCF) is a standardized text file format widely used in bioinformatics and genomics to store and exchange genetic variation information. Researchers and clinicians depend on this standardized approach when analyzing differences in DNA sequences across populations or individuals. The importance of this format extends across multiple domains of genetic research and personalized […]
In gene medicine, variant analysis helps doctors turn DNA data into useful health insights. The process starts by filtering out common gene changes using databases like gnomAD. Then, tools like CADD and REVEL predict if the remaining variants might cause problems. Other tools, such as SIFT and PolyPhen-2, check for protein damage, while SpliceAI finds […]
In the vast human genome, variations are everywhere. Each person’s genome carries millions of small differences in sites. These genomic variations not only shape physiological differences and disease susceptibility between individuals, but also profoundly affect the evolution of mankind. With the rapid development of genomics and high-throughput sequencing technology, scientists are able to more systematically […]
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