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Custom Complement System Disorder Panel

Custom Complement System Disorder Panel

What is complement system disorder?

The complement system is a rapid and efficient immune surveillance system and coordinates innate and acquired immunity by augmenting antibody (Ab)responses and immunologic memory, lysing foreign cells, and clearing immune complexes and apoptotic cells. The system contains plentiful soluble proteins found in the circulation and in tissues. The system, as an enzyme cascade, helps host eliminate cellular debris and infectious microbes, orchestrates immune responses, and informs the body of invading signals through three activation pathways: the classical, alternative and lectin pathway. On one hand, the complement system contributes to homeostasis; on the other hand, the system will attack healthy cells if under improper control. The complement system disorder represents either deficiencies or inappropriate activation. The deficiency in any component of the system can result in immunocompromise, overwhelming infection and sepsis. At the same time, uncontrolled complement activity can also cause disease through promoting inflammation. Studies have found disorders of complement system is involved in various types of diseases, including Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH), atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (aHUS), Neuromyelitis Optica (NMO), hereditary angioedema, neurodegenerative disorders, type I diabetes mellitus, cancers, Alzheimer’s disease, and so forth. Cause of the complement system disorders can be primary or secondary in nature, and congenital complement deficiencies have been reported in all the individual components of complement and most of the regulatory components.

Disease-related gene description

The activation of complement system depends on three pathways, and mutations in any of the component of the pathway will lead to disorders. C4A and C4B encode C4, which participates in classical pathway. Deletion of the C4A gene is the most common mechanism, and deficiency of C4A and C4B is related to the development of diabetes mellitus, chronic hepatitis, etc. Another component of classical pathway, C2, is the most common inherited complement deficiency. Homozygous deficiency of C2 will lead to failure in formation of multi protein complex C4b2a that serves as the classical pathway C3 converts activating enzyme. Besides, a somatic mutation of PIGA (Phosphatidylinositol Glycan Anchor Biosynthesis Class A) in the hematopoietic stem cells causes dysfunction of glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol molecule, which anchors about 20 proteins to the cell membrane, including Decay Accelerating factor (DAF) and CD59. Consequently, the absence of these protein makes the erythrocytes more susceptible to complement-mediated lysis. In addition, heterozygous mutations in the membrane cofactor protein gene CD46 has been found in aHUS, Stx-HUS and the HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets) syndrome. In whole, the complement system contains more than 30 serum and membrane-bound proteins. Any mutations in genes encoding complement receptors, binding proteins, etc., will result in malfunction of complement system.

To understand the gene variants in the complement system disorders better, targeted enrichment technology by Illumina MiSeq system will be performed in our platform. We offer a comprehensive complement system disorder panel for your research in the complement system disorder. You can choose genes for interest from our panel or discuss about your own designed panel.

Custom complement system disorder panel offers but are not limited to:

  • Targeted enrichment technology by the Illumina MiSeq system will detect low frequency variants.
  • To ensure the validity of results, further validation will be provided to every detected genetic variant.
  • Strict quality control is always conducted throughout the workflow to confirm data accuracy and repeatability.
  • Our panel content is established to keep up with updated publication to target all relevant regions.
  • Your panel can be customized according to your requirement of study.

Choose the genes that suit you from the complement system disorders gene list

ADIPOQ ADIPOR1 ADIPOR2 ARMC4 C1QA C1QB C1QC C1R
C1S C2 C3 C3AR1 C4A C4B C4BPA C4BPB
C5 C5AR1 C5AR2 C6 C7 C8A C8B C8G
C9 CCDC114 CCDC39 CCDC40 CCNO CD46 CD55 CD59
CD93 CD93 CF1 CFB CFD CFH CFHR1 CFHR2
CFHR3 CFHR4 CFHR5 CFI CFP CLU COLEC11 CR1
CR2 CRP CSMD1 CSMD2 CSMD3 DGKE DNAAF1 DNAAF2
DNAAF3 DNAAF5 DNAH11 DNAH5 DNAI1 DNAI2 DNAL1 DRC1
DYX1C1 FCN1 FCN2 FCN3 FCN3 HYDIN ITGAL ITGAM
ITGAX ITGB2 LRRC6 MASP1 MASP2 MASP2 MBL2 NME8
OFD1 PIGA PTX3 RSPH1 RSPH4A RSPH9 SERPING1 SPAG1
THBD VSIG4 VTN ZMYND10

Specimen requirements of our custom complement system disorders panel

  • Specimen: whole blood, saliva or extracted DNA (not FFPE-compatible).
  • Volume: 8 mL whole blood, 2 mL saliva or min. 1 μg DNA.
  • Collection: blood is collected by routine blood collection and saliva is collected by spitting into the provided container. DNA samples are stored in TE buffer or equivalent.
  • Container: lavender-top (EDTA) tube or yellow-top (ACD) tube.

Gene panel workflow

Gene panel workflow

For more information about the Custom Complement System Disorders Panel or need other amplification requirements, please contact us.

References:

  1. 1. Degn S.E., et al. Disease-Causing Mutations in Genes of the Complement System. The American Journal of Human Genetics, 2011 Jun 10; 88(6): 689–705.
  2. Mayilyan K.R. Complement Genetics, Deficiencies, and Disease Associations. Protein & Cell, 2012, 3(7): 487–496.
  3. Holers V.M., Complement and Its Receptors: New Insights into Human Disease. Annual Review of Immunology, 2014. 32:433–59.
  4. Ricklin D. et al., Complement - a key system for immune surveillance and homeostasis. Nature Immunology, 2010 September; 11(9): 785–797.
  5. Halbrich M. et al., Mannose Binding Lectin Deficiency: More than Meets the Eye. Clinical Medicine Insights: Pediatrics. 2012 Nov 5; 6:89-94.
* For Research Use Only. Not for use in diagnostic procedures.

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