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What is ribosomal RNA? Ribosomal RNAs (rRNA) are the major components of ribosomes, which are responsible for protein synthesis by converting the instructions found in messenger RNA into the chains of amino acids. The key catalytic activity of ribosomes comes from the rRNAs. Additionally, rRNAs play an active role in recognizing conserved portions of mRNAs […]
What are SNPs? Single nucleotide polymorphisms, commonly called SNPs (pronounced “snips”), are the most frequent type of genetic variation among people, accounting for more than 90% of all differences between unrelated individuals. A SNP represents a difference in a single nucleotide. The DNA sequence contains four types of nucleotide bases: A (adenine), C (cytosine), G […]
The result of the Human Genome Project is a recognized "standard" for scientists – the reference genome. Like a coordinate system, researchers can better understand the structure, function, and variation of the human genome against the reference genome. The Human Genome Project began in 1990, the working draft was published in 2001, and the final […]
Since the first human genome was published in 2000, many reference genomes have been assembled successively in various species. However, the highly repetitive sequences (telomeric, mitotic, ribosomal DNA) clustered in the genome have resulted in many missing fragments in the assembled genomes. Fortunately, thanks to improvements in sequencing technologies and computational algorithms, a new era […]
The use of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors has significantly improved overall survival in a subset of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, but only about 20% of patients respond to treatment. Identifying predictors of response is crucial to improve patient selection for immunotherapy. However, current understanding of relevant predictors is limited by the lack of large, multi-omic […]